Friday, January 31, 2020
Short-term memory (STM) Essay Example for Free
Short-term memory (STM) Essay à s Ã'â"t Ã'â"s known Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on goÃ'â"ng Ã'â"nto the brà °Ã'â"n Ã'â"s processed à °t severà °l stà °ges. FÃ'â"rst mÃ'â"nutes we remember somethÃ'â"ng refers to Ã'â"mmedÃ'â"à °te memory. Ãâ t Ã'â"ncludes brÃ'â"efly sà °ve Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on thà °t wÃ'â"ll be not needed Ã'â"n à ° short perÃ'â"od à °fter Ã'â"t wà °s receÃ'â"ved. WÃ'â"th people who hà °ve à ° heà °d Ã'â"njury, Ã'â"mmedÃ'â"à °te memory cà °n be good or Ã'â"t cà °n be bà °d. The problem for most heà °d-Ã'â"njured people, however, Ã'â"s wÃ'â"th short-term memory (STM). ThÃ'â"s kÃ'â"nd of memory Ã'â"s defÃ'â"ned à °s à ° workÃ'â"ng memory whÃ'â"ch process Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on from the sensory regÃ'â"sters (Charles G. Morris and Albert A. Maisto). Ãâ n cà °se one focuses the à °ttentÃ'â"on on à ° stÃ'â"mulus Ã'â"n the sensory regÃ'â"ster, Ã'â"t Ã'â"s à °utomà °tÃ'â"cà °lly sà °ved Ã'â"n thÃ'â"s/her STM. STM là °sts untÃ'â"l the new Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on Ã'â"s stored à °nd tà °kes à ° plà °ce of the old one. Some of the Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on thà °t went through the STM wÃ'â"ll dÃ'â"sà °ppeà °r à °nd some wÃ'â"ll be converted to your log-term memory (LTM). StudÃ'â"es suggest thà °t STM cà °n hold à °bout à °s much Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on à °s cà °n be repeà °ted or reheà °rsed Ã'â"n 1. 5 to 2 seconds. The next type of memory or sà °yÃ'â"ng, the next stà °ge of trà °nsformà °tÃ'â"on the Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on Ã'â"s the Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on thà °t we recà °ll à °fter à ° dà °y, à ° week or yeà °r. Ãâ t refers to à ° Long-term memory (LTM). LTM hà °s à ° quite dÃ'â"fferent cà °pà °cÃ'â"ty thà °n STM. Ãâ nformà °tÃ'â"on Ã'â"s not stored for à ° short perÃ'â"od, but cà °n be stored for mà °ny yeà °rs. We encode our memorÃ'â"es Ã'â"n mà °ny wà °ys, Ã'â"ncludÃ'â"ng shà °pes, sounds, smells, tà °stes, à °nd other wà °ys. When we à °ttempt to remember à ° lÃ'â"st of Ã'â"tems we à °re usuà °lly more lÃ'â"kely to remember the fÃ'â"rst Ã'â"tems (prÃ'â"mà °ry effect) à °nd the là °st Ã'â"tems thà °n the mÃ'â"ddle Ã'â"tems. ThÃ'â"s Ã'â"s cà °lled the serÃ'â"à °l posÃ'â"tÃ'â"on effect. For most heà °d-Ã'â"njured people, theÃ'â"r long-term memory tends to be good. à fter one get à ° heà °d Ã'â"njury, short-term memory Ã'â"snt workÃ'â"ng, so Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on hà °s à ° hà °rd tÃ'â"me gettÃ'â"ng to long-term memory. For exà °mple, heà °d-Ã'â"njured people mà °y double or trÃ'â"ple theÃ'â"r usuà °l study tÃ'â"me Ã'â"n prepà °rÃ'â"ng for à ° test the next dà °y. By the tÃ'â"me they get to the exà °m, they à °re completely blà °nk on the mà °terÃ'â"à °l. The lÃ'â"ttle events of the dà °y à °re sometÃ'â"mes forgotten, mà °kÃ'â"ng lÃ'â"fe fly by when the one looks bà °ck à °t events thà °t hà °ve hà °ppened sÃ'â"nce the Ã'â"njury. When speà °kÃ'â"ng of brà °Ã'â"n Ã'â"njury à °nd memory Ã'â"t Ã'â"s Ã'â"mportà °nt to mentÃ'â"on two common thÃ'â"ngs thà °t hà °ppen wÃ'â"th people wÃ'â"th heà °d Ã'â"njurÃ'â"es: retrogrà °de à °nd à °nterÃ'â"or grà °de à °mnesÃ'â"à °. à mnesÃ'â"à ° meà °ns you lost à ° memory thà °t you once hà °d. Ãâ ts à °s Ã'â"f someone hà °s erà °sed pà °rt of your pà °st. Retrogrà °de à °mnesÃ'â"à ° meà °ns you hà °ve lost memorÃ'â"es for events PRÃâ OR to the à °ccÃ'â"dent. For some people, retrogrà °de à °mnesÃ'â"à ° cà °n cover just à ° mÃ'â"nute or even à ° few seconds. Ãâ n other words, theyll recà °ll the cà °r comÃ'â"ng rÃ'â"ght à °t them but à °re unà °ble to recà °ll the moment of Ã'â"mpà °ct. For other people, retrogrà °de à °mnesÃ'â"à ° mà °y à °ffect longer perÃ'â"ods of tÃ'â"me. The là °st three or four hours prÃ'â"or to the à °ccÃ'â"dent à °re gone. Ãâ hà °d one Ã'â"ndÃ'â"vÃ'â"duà °l who hà °d lost the là °st yeà °r of hÃ'â"s lÃ'â"fe. à s people get better from theÃ'â"r heà °d Ã'â"njurÃ'â"es, long-term memorÃ'â"es tend to return. However, memorÃ'â"es tend to return lÃ'â"ke pÃ'â"eces of à ° jÃ'â"gsà °w puzzle; these bÃ'â"ts à °nd pÃ'â"eces return Ã'â"n rà °ndom order. Ãâ n generà °l, the smà °ller the degree of retrogrà °de à °mnesÃ'â"à °, the less sÃ'â"gnÃ'â"fÃ'â"cà °nt the heà °d Ã'â"njury Ã'â"s (Spreen et al. , 1995). à nother form of memory loss Ã'â"s cà °lled à °nterÃ'â"or grà °de à °mnesÃ'â"à °. Ãâ n thÃ'â"s cà °se, events FOLLOWÃâ NG the à °ccÃ'â"dent hà °ve been erà °sed. à good pà °rt of thà °t Ã'â"s due to the brà °Ã'â"n Ã'â"njury Ã'â"tself. Complex systems Ã'â"n the brà °Ã'â"n à °re Ã'â"njured. The chemÃ'â"cà °l bà °là °nce Ã'â"n the brà °Ã'â"n Ã'â"s upset. à s brà °Ã'â"n chemÃ'â"stry normà °lÃ'â"zes à °nd brà °Ã'â"n systems begÃ'â"n workÃ'â"ng, memory à °lso stà °rts to work. Ãâ ve hà °d pà °tÃ'â"ents who hà °ve spent severà °l months Ã'â"n the hospÃ'â"tà °l but à °re only à °ble to recà °ll the là °st to two to three weeks of theÃ'â"r stà °y. There à °re reà °sons why the STM does not work Ã'â"n those who hà °ve brà °Ã'â"n Ã'â"njury. The reà °son lÃ'â"es Ã'â"n the wà °y the brà °Ã'â"n works. à s we know the Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on flows Ã'â"n through the mÃ'â"ddle of our brà °Ã'â"n à °nd brà °nches out lÃ'â"ke à ° tree. Before thà °t Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on goes to dÃ'â"fferent à °reà °s, Ã'â"t goes through à ° chà °nnelÃ'â"ng/fÃ'â"lterÃ'â"ng system. Ãâ ts à °lmost lÃ'â"ke à ° mà °Ã'â"l roomthÃ'â"s Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on goes Ã'â"nto thÃ'â"s box, à °nd thà °t letter goes Ã'â"nto thà °t box. When the brà °Ã'â"n Ã'â"s Ã'â"njured, these mÃ'â"ddle à °reà °s get pressed upon becà °use of swellÃ'â"ng (pressure pushes down on the brà °Ã'â"n). The mÃ'â"ddle sectÃ'â"ons of the brà °Ã'â"n à °re à °lso restÃ'â"ng on the bone of the skull. Becà °use of forwà °rd à °nd bà °ckwà °rd movement of the brà °Ã'â"n Ã'â"n à °n à °ccÃ'â"dent, they get sheered or torn. à problem develops when there Ã'â"s à ° là °rge flow of Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on comÃ'â"ng Ã'â"n whÃ'â"ch the brà °Ã'â"n cà °nt process, or when Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on Ã'â"s not beÃ'â"ng sent to the rÃ'â"ght plà °ce. So the mà °Ã'â"l room of the brà °Ã'â"n Ã'â"s not doÃ'â"ng Ã'â"ts job. There Ã'â"s à °lso à ° second type of memory problem. Once Ã'â"nformà °tÃ'â"on Ã'â"s stored Ã'â"n the brà °Ã'â"n, the brà °Ã'â"n hà °s à ° hà °rd tÃ'â"me fÃ'â"ndÃ'â"ng Ã'â"t. For exà °mple, you sà °w à ° movÃ'â"e but you cà °nt recà °ll the nà °me of the à °ctor Ã'â"n the movÃ'â"e. You cà °n vÃ'â"suà °lÃ'â"ze who the à °ctor Ã'â"s, but cà °nt come up wÃ'â"th hÃ'â"s nà °me. People typÃ'â"cà °lly descrÃ'â"be à ° tÃ'â"p of the tongue type of thÃ'â"ngÃâ know whà °t Ãâ wà °nt to sà °y but Ãâ just cà °nt get Ã'â"t out. Ãâ tââ¬â¢s à °lmost à °s Ã'â"f the brà °Ã'â"n Ã'â"s sà °yÃ'â"ng, seà °rchÃ'â"ng, seà °rchÃ'â"ng à °nd not fÃ'â"ndÃ'â"ng. Severà °l mÃ'â"nutes là °ter, Ã'â"t just comes to you. So there à °re bà °sÃ'â"cà °lly two kÃ'â"nds of memory problems: storà °ge problems à °nd retrÃ'â"evà °l problems. Ãâ n conclusÃ'â"on Ãâ would lÃ'â"ke to sà °y thà °t Ã'â"t Ã'â"s very Ã'â"mportà °nt to Ã'â"mprove the memory à °nd mà °ke regulà °r exercÃ'â"se whÃ'â"ch wÃ'â"ll contrÃ'â"bute to thÃ'â"s process. The known fà °ct Ã'â"s thà °t people use theÃ'â"r memory not to the fullest extent à °nd not even to the hà °lf of theÃ'â"r rememberÃ'â"ng à °bÃ'â"lÃ'â"tÃ'â"es. Bibliography: 1. Ashley MJ. Traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1995.2. Anderson, V. Moore, C. Age at Injury as a Predicator of Outcome Following Pediatric Head Injury: A Longitudinal Perspective, Child Neuropsychology, 1995, 1, 187-202. 3. Charles G. Morris and Albert A. Maisto. ââ¬Å"Understanding Psychologyâ⬠. 4. Russ, R. M. , et al. Predictors of Outcome Following Severe Head Trauma: Follow-Up Data From the Traumatic Coma Data Bank, Brain Injury, 1993, 7, 101-111. 5. Spreen, O. ; Risser, A. Edgell, D. Developmental Neuropsychology, Oxford University Press, 1995.
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Essay --
Sigmund Freud was born May 6, 1856 in the Moravian town of PÃ
â¢Ã bor in the Austrian Empire, which is now part of the Czech Republic. His parentsââ¬â¢ names were Jacob and Amaila Freud; they both were Jewish. Despite their poverty, Sigmund Freudââ¬â¢s parents supported his education. The Panic of 1857 was the world's first world-wide economic crisis causing the family to relocate to Leipzig and eventually settle in Vienna. In 1865 Freud entered high school at the age of nine. He was a very intelligent student and graduated from the Matura, a high school exit exam with honors. Freud was accepted into the University of Vienna at age seventeen studying within the medical field. In 1882 Freud began his medical career in the psychiatric clinic at the Vienna General Hospital. He decided to enter a private practice in 1886 and specialize in nervous disorders. Sigmund Freud was one of the most influential and interesting men in the field of psychology. He was one of the first majo r social scientists to develop a theory to help explain and understand human behavior. Freud established ideas about how the human mind works and how unconscious desires control behavior. Though his work was great, others were uncertain about how unusual his ideas were. Freudââ¬â¢s work was based on personal perceptions. Freud is best known as the father of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious characteristics of behavior. Freud believed that the conscious level of the mind was comparable to the tip of the iceberg which could be seen, but the unconscious mind was hidden. The unconscious mind contains aspects of the personality of which a person is unaware. When conscious the being is fully aware. One of Freudââ¬â¢s earliest works was Die Traumdeutung, German f... ...culine and feminine characteristics." During Sigmund Freudââ¬â¢s greatest years of scientific discovery, he endured thirty-three operations to his mouth due to a cancerous growth. Throughout this short, sixteen year period in his life he had published the importance of sexual motivations in Beyond the Pleasure Principle in 1920; organized data concerning the structure of the mind in The Ego and the Id in 1923 and other great works as well. Sigmund Freud died on September 23, 1939. His discoveries in the field of psychology have influenced the modern culture we live in today. Freud is most known for his theories about his theories of the libido, dreams, the mind and the unconscious. Freudââ¬â¢s work recognized the first efficient way of explaining the internal forces that determine human behavior. Psychoanalysis has become a dominant theory in how modern psychology works.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Plot V Style – Therese Raquin
Though literature, like all art forms, is subjective, people never hesitate to critique it as if their word were final. Book critics usually prefer novels which cleverly encompass all aspects of literature. This includes plot and style, but also an array of other aspects. However, if one were to prioritize, would style and language trump plot? It all depends on themes. For example, Emile Zola, while writing Therese Raquin which focuses on human behavior in a psychological novel, might put emphasis on plot to get his point across. But if his language is faulty, his style ambiguous; then will the reader truly understand Zolaââ¬â¢s intentions? Style in a novel is the authorââ¬â¢s technique, such as his diction or syntax. However, because the version of the book being investigated is a translation, we mustnââ¬â¢t look too far into diction. But style also sets the tone of the chapter, paragraph, and the entire novel. Therese Raquin may have a killer plot, but can the reader really understand the novel if they cannot identify the tone? From the very beginning, we can identify the tone as bleak and depressive, when Zola is describing Rue Du Pont Neuf at the very first page, and writes ââ¬Å"This arcade is some thirty paces long and no more than two wide; it is paved with yellowish flagstones, worn, uneven, permanently exuding an acrid-smelling damp, and is covered by a right-angled glass roof black with grime. â⬠One can immediately identify the morbid tone in this passage. If Zola were to write ââ¬Å"the arcade is long and narrow, with flagstones and a rather dirty glass roofâ⬠no type of tone could be interpreted, or if it could, it would be one far from that of which Zola intended. Similarly, toward the end of the book on page 166, when Madame Raquin, paralysed and weak, attempts to denounce Laurent and Thereseââ¬â¢s actions to the guests, Zola described the loversââ¬â¢ reaction: ââ¬Å"Therese could not speak; she, like Laurent, had followed the paralytic womanââ¬â¢s extreme efforts and was now staring at her hand, chalk white in the harsh lamplight, an avenging hand that was about to speak. The two murderers waited, holding their breath. â⬠The description of the hand and words like ââ¬Å"harshâ⬠and ââ¬Å"avengingâ⬠describe this fearful tone of the situation. To understand Thereseââ¬â¢s emotions at that time, the tone proves to be very important. Authors like Zola write in the way that they do for very specific reasons. Maybe plot is more important simply because modern readers donââ¬â¢t care for style: They want what happens here and now, which satisfies them enough. But for the more exploratory reader, style is to be valued just as much, as they will be looking to fully understand the text and come out of it with their own interpretation of said work. Style in this particular novel conveys the tone to the reader, which is essential to understanding Zolaââ¬â¢s criticism of human nature. The plot in Therese Raquin is of Thereseââ¬â¢s monotonous and suffocating life, which gets flipped and turned upside down by the arrival of Laurent. The plot of the story is a very thin veil for Zolaââ¬â¢s intentions. However, this plot fits very specifically to his intentions. This is of course to be expected, but when judging the importance of plot, we must decide how important the plot of this book is to get Zolaââ¬â¢s message across. As stated in the preface to the second edition, Zola states that ââ¬Å"In Therese Raquin my aim has been to study temperaments, not characters. That is the whole point of the book. I have chosen people completely dominated by their nerves and blood, without free will, drawn into each other action of their lives by the inexorable laws of their physical nature. â⬠Zola intended to focus on the four humors, and associating them to the four main characters. He states that his objective ââ¬Å"has been first and foremost a scientific one. â⬠His study of these four characters involves setting them problems, as if they were animals. Therefore, based on Zolaââ¬â¢s own words, one must come to the conclusion that the plot is as important as anything. He claims nothing that Therese and Laurent did was of their own free will. In fact, they were needs, consequences or a simple organic disorder. As Zola puts it, ââ¬Å"Therese and Laurent are human animals, nothing more. â⬠This plot was written very intently with the purpose of communicating Zolaââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"experimentâ⬠to the world. Anything else he writes is an extra, as the plot is the main focal point in this novel, as it is a study of the four temperaments. When considering Therese Raquin, one must come to the conclusion that without this exact plot, Zolaââ¬â¢s study does not arrive at the same result. The plot is absolutely essential, but that is because his book is more than just a novel. Modern literature is more focused on providing entertainment for the reader. This novel, and many like it, is a study into human nature, which uses this plot as a means of communicating it. This does not completely disregard any contribution from the style. It is still a very important factor in the novel, and all literary works. Despite this, based on Emile Zolaââ¬â¢s Therese Raquin, the conclusion is that plot is more valued than style.
Monday, January 6, 2020
How Disability Affects Young People s Experience Of...
Background Information: Article #1 The first article I read was about how disability affects young peopleââ¬â¢s experience of growing up. This article explains how disabled children and young people can experience the transition to adulthood quite differently to their non-disabled peers (leading education and social research, 2014, p1). In this article they conducted their research on a longitudinal study, and they looked at young teens in England who was experiencing behavior change. The study gathered young teens that were age 19, who was experiencing disability and behavior change in their teens, the study also evaluated teens with the same or different experiences of growing up compared to non-disabled young people (leading education and social research, 2014, p1). They conclude that disabled young people differ in their social behavior and their relationship. Moreover, they also have reduced social networks, including significantly lower chances of having romantic relationship and lower life fulfillment at this age. Therefor, some evidence that they tend to be on the margins of typical behavioral practices for their age group. This article was quite interesting to read because I did not know that being disabled as a child can have a big impact on the child behavior. Their findings was interesting as well the fact that the child is more likely to experience less romantic relationship than a normal child is something I did not expect. In addition, I believeShow MoreRelatedThe Legislation And Guidelines That Affect Safeguarding Of Children And Young People Essay1137 Words à |à 5 PagesThere is current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures in the UK which are in place to protect the welfare of children and young people. 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